Greek and Phoenician Settlements in the Mediterranean Basin, About 550 B.C.
Source: The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923.

The Carolingian and Byzantine Empires and the Caliphate about 814
Source: The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1911.

The Roman Ascendency during the first Century B.C.
Source: "An Historical Atlas Containing a Chronological Series of One Hundred and Four Maps, at Successive Periods, from the Dawn of History to the Present Day." by Robert H. Labberton. Sixth Edition. 1884

Caucasus physical map 1994
Source: U.S. Department of State

Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency

The Baltic Sea Region 1994
Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency

Europe shaded relief map 2004
Source: U.S. Central Intelligence Agency

The Germanic Kingdoms and the East Roman Empire 486.
Source: The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923.

Inset: Fortresses along the French Frontier.
Source: The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923.

Peace of Westphalia territorial changes 1648
Source: The Historical Atlas by William R. Shepherd, 1923.